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Floodplain maps serve as the basis for determining whether homes or buildings require flood insurance under the National Flood Insurance Program run by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Approximately $650 billion in insured assets are now covered under the program. FEMA is modernizing floodplain maps to better serve the program. However, concerns have been raised as to the adequacy of the base map information available to support floodplain map modernization. Elevation Data for Floodplain Mapping shows that there is sufficient two-dimensional base map imagery to meet FEMA's flood map modernization goals, but that the three-dimensional base elevation data that are needed to determine whether a building should have flood insurance are not adequate. This book makes recommendations for a new national digital elevation data collection program to redress the inadequacy. Policy makers; property insurance professionals; federal, local, and state governments; and others concerned with natural disaster prevention and preparedness will find this book of interest.

This book is a concise guide to elevation based tomographic imaging for ophthalmologists and cataract surgeons. Beginning with an introduction and overview of its evolution, the following chapters explain how to understand and interpret the data presented. Various procedures for different conditions are discussed, including the use of Pentacam for cataract disorders. With contributions from internationally renowned authors, this new edition includes more than 200 colour images and illustrations. The final section is a glossary of important terminology.

Maxillary sinus elevation, followed by placement of a wide variety of grafting materials, has been the generally accepted surgical protocol for the development of bone in the sinus cavity. Over the years, various techniques have been proposed for maxillary sinus elevation, which differ in surgical approach, bone graft materials, and advanced technology application for hard tissue and soft tissue management. Dr. Kao and a team of experts begin by discussing anatomy, radiographic image applications and limitations, and then provide step-by-step clinical procedures for the lateral window technique, including piezosurgery, and the trans-alveolar methods, including balloon and controlled hydostatic sinus elevation. Also included are chapters on post-operative care and complication management. Special Features A decision tree for sinus elevation surgery Color photographs showing the steps of each procedure Survey of implant success and survival rates Chapters written by leaders in bone grafting and implantology

There is no shortage of general books on the subject of acid rain, or of symposium proceedings reviewing work ranging from atmospheric chemistry and deposition processes to freshwater acidification and effects on vegetation. In contrast, the collection of papers from this Workshop is focussed on a much smaller subject, the processes of acid deposition at high altitude sites. Interest in deposition at high elevation sites comes largely from observed vertical gradients in the degree of forest damage at sites in the Federal Republic of Germany and the eastern United States. These gradients show that damage to Norway spruce and fir increases with altitude at sites in Bavaria and the Black Forest, and that Red spruce are declining at high elevation sites in the Appalachian Mountains. With the large scale of scientific interest in forest decline, cany research groups, during the last five years, have been examining atmospheric chemistry, deposition processes, and effects on vegetation and soils at upland sites. In particular there have been many recent studies of cloud and precipitation chemistry, which show much larger concentrations of all ions in cloud water than in rain or snow. These studies have also shown that processes of wet and dry deposition and also the chemistry of the air at hill tops are modified strongly by orographic effects.

Glaciers in the Andes are particularly important natural archives of present and past climatic and environmental changes, in significant part because of the N-S trend of this topographic barrier and its influence on the atmospheric circulation of the southern hemisphere. Strong gradients in the seasonality and amount of precipitation exist between the equator and 30° S. Large differences in amount east and west of the Andean divide also occur, as well as a change from tropical summer precipitation (additionally modified by the seasonal shift of the circulation belts) to winter precipitation in the west wind belt (e. g. , Yuille, 1999; Garraud and Aceituno, 2001). The so-called 'dry axis' lies between the tropical and extra tropical precipitation regimes (Figure 1). The high mountain desert within this axis responds most sensitively to the smallest changes in effective moisture. An important hydro-meteorological feature on a seasonal to inter-annual time-scale is the occurrence of EN SO events, which strongly control the mass balance of glaciers in this area (e. g. , Wagnon et ai. , 2001; Francou et ai. , in press). The precipitation pattern is an important factor for the interpretation of climatic and environmental records extracted from ice cores, because much of this information is related to conditions at the actual time of precipitation, and this is especially so for stable isotope records. Several ice cores have recently been drilled to bedrock in this area. From Huascanin (Thompson et ai. , 1995), Sajama (Thompson et ai.

Elevation data are a critical element in most geoscience applications. From geological mapping to modelling Earth systems and processes geologists need to understand the shape of the Earth's surface. Vast amounts of digital elevation data exist, from large-scale global to smaller scale regional datasets, and many datasets have been merged to improve scale and accuracy. For each application, decisions are made on which elevation data to use driven by cost, resolution and accuracy. This publication shows the current status of available digital elevation data and illustrates the key applications. The types of data assessed include: ASTER stereo satellite imagery, Shuttle Radar Topographic Mapping data, airborne laser and radar such as NEXTMap, and Multibeam Bathymetry. Applications covered include: glacial deposits, landslides, coastal erosion and other geological hazards. Technical issues discussed include: accuracy analysis, derived product creation, software comparisons and copyright considerations. This volume is a comprehensive look at elevation models for geoscience.

A study was made to determine if an increase in elevation of an observer above terrain causes a change in the magnitude of the moon illusion and estimation of distance upon terrain. A comparison was made to determine a relationship between the magnitude of the illusion at different observer elevations and the corresponding estimation of distance. It was found that a general decrease in the magnitude of the moon illusion coincides with a general increase in estimated distance when an observer ascends from a point above a terrain. Evidence is lacking to support the apparent-distance theory when an observer ascends above terrain.

This study addresses a two-class problem in automatic terrain classification. the basic-level terrain feature selected for initial delineation is a mount - an aggregation of elevated features including hills, mountains, and ranges. All remaining areas are classified collectively as non-mount. A method was developed to partition digital elevation models (DEMs) into mount and non- mount areas automatically. Then, the developed method is compared to those results obtained by a manual classification of synthetic stereo images produced from the same digital elevation data. The results of this work suggest that it may be possible to replicate the manual identification of mounts in certain physiographic regions. However, the general utility of the mount/nonmount classification approach appears to be limited by the nature of the regional terrain and by the quality of available digital data. Terrain Analysis, Automated Terrain Classification, Terrain Reasoning, Geomorphology, Geomorphometry, Digital Elevation Data.

Three-track airport runway elevation profiles and airplane response to runway roughness.