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Ocean Currents is a derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 2nd Edition and serves as an important reference on current ocean current knowledge and expertise in one convenient and accessible source. Its selection of articles—all written by experts in their field—focuses on key ocean current concepts. Its topics include ocean currents, the circulation of deep water, the contrasting circulations of the seas, the circulation in fjords, estuaries and the effects of rivers, and the intermittency and variability of the oceans. Ocean Currents serves as an ideal reference for topical research. References related articles on ocean currents to facilitate further research Richly illustrated with figures and tables that aid in understanding key concepts Includes an introductory overview of ocean currents and then explores each topic in detail, making it useful to experts and graduate-level researchers Topical arrangement makes it the perfect desk reference

Ocean Currents of the World: Physical Drivers in a Changing World opens with an introduction to ocean currents, covering basic principles of cause and effect, measurement and modeling, etc. The book is made up of a sequence of chapters covering distinct aspects of contrasting ocean currents: broad and slow, deep and shallow, narrow and swift, large-scale and small-scale, low latitudes and high latitudes, and moving in horizontal and vertical planes. Through this approach, the authors cover a range of applications, from local to global, with considerable geographical context. Each chapter concludes with an assignment and accompanying resource, thus helping readers apply the information. Presents applications to natural phenomena, showing how ocean currents shape marine ecosystems Helps researchers understand the distribution and adaptation of life in the oceans Addresses societal challenges, specifically how ocean currents contribute to climate change impacts and disperse pollutants (e.g., plastic) Includes end-of-chapter assignments, suggesting how students might apply their understanding of ocean currents

What causes ocean currents? How do they affect the Earth's environment? How have they affected the course of human history? Students gain fascinating insights into our world through these innovative hands-on activities. Students explore how wind, temperature, salinity, and density set water into motion. They go on to learn how the ocean makes our climate habitable, provides oxygen and food, and transports nutrients, people and pollution around the globe. Learning is put in a real-world context as students study accounts of shipwrecked sailors, a Nike shoe spill, and the voyage of the Kon Tiki.

Ocean Currents of the World: Physical Drivers in a Changing World opens with an introduction to ocean currents, covering basic principles of cause and effect, measurement and modeling, etc. The book is made up of a sequence of chapters covering distinct aspects of contrasting ocean currents: broad and slow, deep and shallow, narrow and swift, large-scale and small-scale, low latitudes and high latitudes, and moving in horizontal and vertical planes. Through this approach, the authors cover a range of applications, from local to global, with considerable geographical context. Each chapter concludes with an assignment and accompanying resource, thus helping readers apply the information. Presents applications to natural phenomena, showing how ocean currents shape marine ecosystems Helps researchers understand the distribution and adaptation of life in the oceans Addresses societal challenges, specifically how ocean currents contribute to climate change impacts and disperse pollutants (e.g., plastic) Includes end-of-chapter assignments, suggesting how students might apply their understanding of ocean currents

Have you ever wondered what El Niño was? Written for students in grade 6, Ocean Currents and El Niño discusses El Niño, other ocean currents, and how ocean currents affect the climate and people around the world. This 22-page book includes a glossary of bold-faced vocabulary words, reading activities, an index of terms, and an answer key.

This is the second and final volume of a report that describes some of my investigations over the last 35 years or so into low-frequency ocean current structures, a topic which I will call the World Ocean Circulation (WOC). The material presented constitutes my final report to the Office of Naval Research, and their support over the years is deeply appreciated. I was also fortunate to have been partially supported by the National Science Foundation during my career and, for some of the preparation of this report, by the Clark Foundation. Volume 1 was focused on the North Atlantic Ocean, after a global scale summary. This volume (2) will consider first the Pacific and Indian Oceans, concentrating on interbasin circulations, meridional cells, and mesoscale eddy fields. Then, there is an exceptionally brief discussion of the Southern Ocean(s) for background only, followed by a global summary. Lately, I have worked intensely on intergyre and interbasin exchanges, including an intercomparison of some of the properties of the eddy field in the World's Oceans. Volume 2 contains not only an update of the global picture, but also new representations of the transport structure of various components of the meridional overturning cells for each ocean. In summary, several similarities as well as dissimilarities between different oceans relative to both their general circulation and their mesoscale eddy field are shown to be associated with interbasin exchanges. This report is meant to be an informal-occasionally anecdotal, state-of-the-art summary account of the World Ocean Circulation. Seemingly simple questions about how ocean currents behave, such as where various brands of sea water are coming from and going to, have been exciting research topics for many years.

The book represents all the knowledge we currently have on ocean circulation. It presents an up-to-date summary of the state of the science relating to the role of the oceans in the physical climate system. The book is structured to guide the reader through the wide range of world ocean circulation experiment (WOCE) science in a consistent way. Cross-references between contributors have been added, and the book has a comprehensive index and unified reference list. The book is simple to read, at the undergraduate level. It was written by the best scientists in the world who have collaborated to carry out years of experiments to better understand ocean circulation. Presents in situ and remote observations with worldwide coverage; Provides theoretical understanding of processes within the ocean and at its boundaries to other Earth System components; and Allows for simulating ocean and climate processes in the past, present and future using a hierarchy of physical-biogeochemical models

Constituting more than 70 percent of Earths surface, the worlds oceans are so vast as to remain something of an enigma to this day. Navigating these imposing seas and unlocking their secrets is the calling of oceanographers. Their research helps determine what climatic, geologic, and chemical impact oceans have on a variety of organisms. In spite of their magnitude and might, the worlds oceans are not immune to the effects of adverse human activity, such as pollution. This volume surveys this huge, but fragile, ecosystem and the individuals who help fight for the preservation of this vital resource that has critical significance to all earthly life.

Strong, persistent currents along the western boundaries of the world’s major ocean basins are called “western boundary currents” (WBCs). This chapter describes the structure and dynamics of WBCs, their roles in basin-scale circulation, regional variability, and their influence on atmosphere and climate. WBCs are largely a manifestation of wind-driven circulation; they compensate the meridional Sverdrup transport induced by the winds over the ocean interior. Some WBCs also play a role in the global thermohaline circulation, through inter-gyre and inter-basin water exchanges. After separation from the boundary, most WBCs have zonal extensions, which exhibit high eddy kinetic energy due to flow instabilities, and large surface fluxes of heat and carbon dioxide. The WBCs described here in detail are the Gulf Stream, Brazil and Malvinas Currents in the Atlantic, the Somali and Agulhas Currents in the Indian, and the Kuroshio and East Australian Current in the Pacific Ocean.

Seventy per cent of our planet's surface is covered with water, but most conventional atlases focus on the other thirty per cent. This fascinating and beautifully presented survey of the world's oceans and what lives within them is published in association with the Census on Marine Life, a decade-long scientific initiative between researchers from over 80 countries to assessing and explaining the rich diversity and abundance of undersea life. Every aspect of the oceans is explored, from the seabed, continental shelves, currents, water circulation and waves, to all the wildlife that calls these places home. Each ocean (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, Arctic, the Seas of Europe, the Eurasian Inland Seas and the South China Sea) is examined in great detail, revealing its characteristics, underwater topography, principal species and particular features, including the effects of habitat erosion. Topics covered include: - Coastlines, beaches, estuaries, salt marshes - the clash of man and wildlife - Temperate waters - plankton, seaweed forests and the Newfoundland Great Banks - Tropical waters - coral reefs, mangrove swamps and seagrass meadows - Polar waters - floating ice, migrations, life beneath the ice - The open ocean - currents, CO2 storage capacity, global warming and acidification - The ocean deeps - the mysterious twilight world and the least explored of all environments

This single-volume resource explores the five major oceans of the world, addressing current issues such as sea rise and climate change and explaining the significance of the oceans from historical, geographic, and cultural perspectives. • Introduces readers to the five major oceans of the world and provides ready-reference entries relating to geography, the environment, science, history, and culture • Entries are engaging and accessible to all readers from high school to university students to general readers • Includes sidebars of "fun facts" throughout the text that highlight interesting oceanic subtopics

It Is Well Recognised That Oceans Exercise A Profound Influence Upon The Climates Of The World And Upon The Larger And Smaller Features Of The Atmospheric Circulation Which Together Determine The Weather; And Also, That The Atmosphere Controls The Oceanic Circulation. The Interaction, However, Is Quite Complex. With A View To Explain The Intricacies Involved In This Interaction, This Book Deals With All Such Areas Of Physical Oceanography That Have Bearing Upon Problems Of The Atmosphere. The Heat Budget Of The Oceans And Of The Ocean Currents- Being Of The Greatest Importance To The Atmosphere, Is Discussed In Detail, After Describing The Necessary Physical Properties Of Sea Water, Including Salinity, Temperature, Density, Pressure, Etc. Theories Of The Large-Scale Ocean Currents And Of The Wind-Driven Currents Have Been Included, And Water Masses And Currents Of The Different Oceans Of The World Have Been Discussed. The Text Is Aptly Illustrated Through Graphs And Diagrams And Enriched With Tables Of Useful Scientific Data. Chapter 1: Introduction; The Heat Budget Of The Earth, Black Body Radiation, Selective Rediation And Absorption, Radiation From The Sun, Long Wave Radiation To Space, The Heat Budget Of The Atmosphere, The Atmosphere As A Thermodynamic Machine, The Oceans As Part Of The Subsurface Of The Atmosphere, Chapter 2: Physical Properties Of Sea Water; Salinity Temperature And Pressure, Salinity, Pressure, Pressure, Density Of Sea Water, Computation Of Density And Specific Volume In Situ, Thermal Properties Of Sea Water, Thermal Expansion, Thermal Conductivity, Specific Heat, Latent Heat Of Evaporation, Adiasbatic Temperature Changes In The Sea, Freezing Point Depression And Vapor Pressure Lowering, Other Properties Of Sea Water, Maximum Density, Compressibility, Viscosity, Diffusion, Surface Tension, Refractive Index, Electric Conductivity, Eddy Viscosity Conductivity And Diffusivity, General Character Of Eddy Coefficients, Influence Of Stability On Turbulence, Numerical Values Of The Vertical And Horizontal Eddy Viscosity And Eddy Conductivity, Adsorption Of Radiation, Absorption Coefficients Of Distilled Water And Of Pure Sea Water, Extinction Coefficients In The Sea, Influence Of The Altitude Of The Sun Upon The Extinction Coefficients, Cause Of The Large Extinction Coefficients In The Sea, The Color Of Sea Water, Sea Ice, Freezing And Melting Of Ice, Properties Of Sea Ice, Chapter 3: Observation In Physical Oceanography; Oceanographic Expeditions And Vessels, Temperature Observations, Surface Thermometers, Protected Reversing Thermometers, Unprotected Reversing Thermometers, Thermographs, Water Sampling Devices, Treatment And Analysis Of Serial Observations, Current Measurements, Units And Terms, Drift Methods, Flow Methods, Chapter 4: The Heat Budget Of The Oceans; Radiation, Incoming Radiation, Effect Of Clouds, Reflection, Absorption Of Radiation Energy In The Sea, Effective Back Radiation From The Sea Surface, The Radiation Budget Of The Oceans, Exchange Of Heat Between The Atmosphere And The Sea, Evaporation From The Sea, The Process Of Evaporation, Observation And Computations Of Evaporation, Average Annual Evaporaion From The Oceans, Evaporation In Different Latitudes, Annual Variation Of Evaporation, Diurnal Variation Of Evaporation, Chapter 5: General Distribution Of Salinity Temperature And Density; Salinity Of The Surface Layer, Surface Salinity, Periodic Variations Of The Surface Salinity, Temperature Of The Surface Layers, Surface Temperature, Difference Between Air And Sea Surface Temperatures, Annual Variation Of Surface Temperature, Annual Variation Of Temperature In The Surface Layers, Diurnal Variation Of Surface Temperature, Diurnal Variation Of Temperature In The Upper Layers, Distribution Of Density, Subsurface Distribution Of Temperature And Salinity, Water Masses, The T-S Diagram, Water Masses And Their Formation, Chapter 6: Ocean Currents Related To The Distribution Of Mass; Introduction, Equations Of Motion Applied To The Ocean, General Equations, Motion In The Circle Of Inertia, Simplified Equations Of Motion, Practical Applications Of The Hydrodynamic Equation For The Computation Of Ocean Currents, The Fields Of Pressure And Mass In The Ocean, The Field Of Mass, The Field Of Pressure, Currents In Stratified Water, Practical Methods For Computing Ocean Currents, Relative Currents, Slope Currents, Actual Currents, Bjerknes Theoerem Of Circulation, Transport By Currents, Chapter 7: Wind Currents And Wind Waves; Frictional Forces, The Stress Of The Wind, Piling Up Of Water Due To The Stress Of The Wind, Wind Currents In Homogenous Water, Wind Currents In Water In Which The Density Increases With Depth, Secondary Effect Of Wind In Producing Ocean Currents, Origin Of Wind Waves, Form And Characteristics Of Wind Waves, Relations Between Wind Velocity And Waves, Waves Near The Coast Breakers, Destructive Waves, Chapter 8: Thermodynamics Of Ocean Currents; Thermal Circulation, Thermohaline Circulation, Vertical Convection Currents, Chapter 9: Water Masses And Currens Of The Oceans; Water Masses Of The Oceans, Currents Of The North Atlantic Ocean, The North Equatorial Current, The Gulf Stream System, The Florida Current, The Gulf Stream, The North Atlantic Current, Transport, Currents Of The Adjacent Seas Of The North Atlantic Ocean, The Norwegian Sea And The North Polar Sea, The Labrador Sea And Baffin Bay, The Mediterranean And The Black Sea, The Caribbean Sea And The Gulf Of Mexico, Currents Of The Equatorial Part Of The Atlantic Ocean, Currents Of The South Atlantic Ocean, Currents Of The Indian Ocean, The Red Sea, Currents Of The South Pacific Ocean, Currents Of The Equatorial Pacific, Currents Of The North Pacific Ocean, The North Equatorial Current, The Kuroshio System, The Kuroshio, The Kuroshio Extension, The North Pacific Current, The Aleutian (Subarctic) Current, The Eastern Gyral In The North Pacific Ocean, The California Current, Transport, Currents In The Antarctic Ocean, The Deep Water Circulation Of The Oceans, Ice In The Sea, Ice And Iceberg In The Antarctic, Ice And Iceberg In The Arctice, Chapter 10: Interaction Between The Atmosphere And The Oceans; Character Of Interaction, The Ocean And The Climate, The Oceans And The Weather.

Two lectures "delivered ... on Saturday evening, Nov. 3, 1877, [and] on Thursday evening, Dec. 20, 1877."